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MDGs in Focus, Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

Earlier this year, the UK’s Office for National Statistics announced that infant mortality rates in the UK had hit a record low. Britain’s Infant mortality rates (that is, deaths of children less that 1 year old) have decreased by 62% since 1981, from 11.1 deaths per 1000 live births, to just 4.2 deaths per 1000 in 2011. This is, of course, great news for the UK, and the drop has been attributed to a number of factors, including the control of infectious diseases and improvements in neonatal care.

But what about the wider picture? Child mortality continues to be a significant problem for many countries around the world, which is why the fourth Millennium Development Goal aims to tackle just this. This week we will look at which countries are most affected by high child mortality rates, and what the MDGs hope to do about it.

In view to reducing worldwide child mortality rates, the UN member states and various development organisations involved in implementing the MDGs have established this specific target: “Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the mortality rate of children under five.”

Most affected by high child death rates are the world’s poorest regions, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. Together these areas account for 81% of the total amount of child deaths worldwide (5.3 million out of 6.6 million).

Explaining the figures, a UN report elaborated: “The main killers are pneumonia, preterm birth complications, diarrhoea, intrapartum-related complications and malaria.” It added, “undernutrition contributes to 45 per cent of all under-five deaths. Children who are exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life are 14 times more likely to survive than non-breastfed children.”

Parental education also plays a key role, and children born to women with even just a primary school education are more likely to live beyond children than mothers who never went to school at all. This emphasizes the importance of Goal 2 of the MDGs (to achieve universal primary education), and shows how all the goals intermingle in the hope of improving living standards around the world.

Progress has already been made towards achieving the UN’s target for Goal 4. Since 1990, child mortality rates around the world have already decreased by 12.4 million, or 17, 000 few child deaths per day. An increased availability of vaccines has helped this success, with measles vaccines in particular helping to avoid the deaths of over 10 million children. But a lot more remains to be done. There is still much inequality around the world on this issue, with children born into poverty being still two times more at risk of child mortality than those born to families that are better off.

Different approaches to tackling this problem are being carried out worldwide, depending on local circumstances. In Chad, for example, where vaccination rates are some of the lowest worldwide, UNICEF has helped to roll out a successful immunization programme. Elsewhere, Indian families living in rural areas now increasingly have access to local heath centres, thanks to pioneering work by UNICEF and the state government.

For more information on what is being done around the world to achieve Goal 4, you can access the UN’s full report here.

MDGs in Focus Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

So far we have looked at how Goals 1 and 2 of the UN’s Millennium Development Goals are working to eliminate world hunger and make sure that all children have access to primary education. While these as well as many of the other MDGs will have a major impact on all people, male of female, there are certain issues where women are more adversely affected than men. Vulnerability to domestic violence and a tendency to work in less secure forms of employment are just two examples of the kind of inequalities that women today face the world over. And such areas of disparity are what Goal 3 of the MDGs hopes to address. We will look now in greater detail at what kind of issues this third goal hopes to tackle, and what is being done to tackle global gender inequality.

In order to achieve the more general goal of promoting gender equality, the UN has set the following concrete target:

“Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015.”

Securing an education for young women has been singled out as the best way of eliminating issues relating to gender equality further along in people’s lives. Since the MDGs were established in the year 2000, the gap between the number of boys and girls attending school has narrowed, and the UN now believes that it has eliminated inequalities linked to the attendance of boys and girls at primary school level.

However, it admits that this has not yet been achieved in further stages of education, particularly at university level. According to the UN, “In Southern Asia, only 77 girls per 100 boys are enrolled in tertiary education. The situation is most extreme in sub-Saharan Africa, where the gender gap in enrollment has actually widened from 66 girls per 100 boys in 2000 to 61 girls per 100 boys enrolled in 2011.”

Poverty is cited as being the main cause for this gap, as many women miss out on higher education due to commitments in the home and issues such as teenage pregnancy. This lack of education inevitably has an impact later down the line, and women worldwide are far more likely than men to end up in jobs where they have limited job security and access to social benefits. Indeed, the UN calculates that worldwide, “women occupy only 25 per cent of senior management positions”, not to mention the lack of females in positions of political power.

So what is being done? There are many UN-affiliated initiatives being carried out throughout the world to address the issue of gender disparity, from scholarship schemes in Somalia and the training of female teachers to educate Yemini girls in rural areas, to a Brazilian app that aims to help women suffering from domestic abuse. Other groups such as UNGEI (UN Girls’ Education Initiative) and the UN Trust Fund to End Violence Against Women are also working to reverse gender inequality by supporting and funding action on both a local and national scale. For more information on what is being done to achieve goal 3 click here.

Young people travelling solo

china

All by myself: should young people travel solo?

For many people, spending some time travelling around their host country after their volunteering placement is a top priority. Although the chances are you will find at least one other person to travel around with after your placement, what should you do if you suddenly find yourself short of a travel buddy? It would be a shame to have to come home early and miss out on seeing some truly unmissable sites, just because your fellow volunteers don’t want to stick around. But is travelling alone a good idea?

This is a question many young people ponder over, particularly if they are female. In some countries, locals will be unused to seeing young, unmarried women travelling alone, which can lead to solo female travellers attracting unwanted attention. So should young women travel alone? Absolutely. And many do.

In fact, although in many countries it may be considered unacceptable for a local woman to travel the world by herself, most people are used to seeing female tourists travelling alone. And – although we are often raised to believe that the outside world is a scary place – the reality is that in most places you’ll be just as likely to run into trouble as you would be in any major city back home.

Travelling alone, whether you are male or female, does however require you to be slightly more prepared than you would be if travelling with a friend or in a group. Here are a few hints and tips to consider before embarking on your solo adventure:

It’s all in the planning

Although you may not want to plan your entire trip down to the last detail before you go, make sure you leave at least a rough itinerary to leave with someone back home. Also, keep in regular contact with your family back home; this will stop them from worrying if nothing else! It is also a great idea to have all the contact numbers in case of an emergency with you at all times. These may include contact details for the relevant embassy closest to where you will be travelling, as well as for friends, contacts (such as your Lattitude local rep!) and places where you have booked accommodation. The more prepared you are the better!

Be prepared

Although it’s important to keep your wits about you while you’re away, it’s also important that you don’t waste your trip worrying. Investing in a few helpful gadgets can help put your mind at rest. Wearing a discreet money belt and securing your bag with cable lock can, for example, be an easy way to keep your belongings safe on overnight bus journeys.

Take something to read!

Although you will often meet people on your travels to keep you company, there will inevitably be moments where you will find yourself alone. For some, the thought of eating alone in a restaurant is a big turn off… avoid any awkwardness by arming yourself with a book/magazine/travel journal at all times!

Alone but never lonely

Many solo travellers are surprised at how little time they do end up spending truly alone. Staying in hostels is a great way to meet people, and socialising with fellow travellers is often easier when you are by yourself. Travelling solo can also allow you greater choice and flexibility in your itinerary, so if you meet folk along the way you can easily change your plans and tag along with some like-minded people. Also, remember you are not the first person in the world to have travelled solo. If you’re feeling jittery about going it alone, reassure and inspire yourself with some solo-travel literature.

5 skills I learnt while volunteering

Top 5 skills learnt while volunteering

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Have you ever been sat in an interview and been asked for a specific example of when you have “thought outside of the box”? Or maybe a prospective employer asked you for an example of when you had “worked with a team to overcome a challenge”? Annoying as they are, these types of questions are extremely common, especially in ‘competency-based’ interviews, and unless you have a concise, polished example ready to reel-off, it can be very difficult to avoid descending into a mumbling spiral of incoherent clichés. Yes, employers do want to hear that you have fresh ideas and are a team player, but these buzz words mean nothing without concrete proof. So what is a young jobseeker to do? Well… if you have no experience, volunteering abroad can be a great way to get some! Here are my top 5 ‘transferable skills’ learnt during my time volunteering with Lattitude in Ecuador, that can be applied to almost any interview situation…

1. Leadership

This is a classic. From graduate recruiters to PGCE admissions officers, prospective employers love to look for evidence of ‘leadership’ in young applicants – after all you are the leaders of the future… So whether you are applying for a corporate, public or charity sector job, make sure you’ve got some ready-prepared examples of your excellent leadership skills. At moments like these, I find the example of me taking my very hyper Ecuadorian class of 6 year olds from knowing no English to being able to count, sing the alphabet and have simple conversations.

2. Problem-solving and adaptability

Another very common ‘transferable skill’ tested in interviews. Fortunately, my volunteering experience in Ecuador was very rich in examples of thinking on my feet to solve problems. As a teaching assistant, I used to help the school’s English teacher give lessons to all the 8 different age groups in the school. However, one day she didn’t turn up (it turned out she was ill) which meant I had about 2 minutes notice before taking all of her classes by myself. Some very creative lessons later (heavily featuring the likes of ‘The wheels on the bus’ and ‘Old MacDonald’), I had proven that I could take my own classes, and was allowed to go solo as a teacher from then on!

3. Time management

So you’ve got 20 English classes to give per week, plus lesson planning time, plus 12 hours of afternoon work helping staff in a local orphanage, plus salsa classes, plus travelling every weekend… with so much going on, your time management skills speak for themselves!

4. Communication

As a volunteer abroad, your communication skills will be in high demand. Whether you are teaching, working as an outdoor instructor or caring assistant, you will need to communicate effectively with your colleagues and students/residents to ensure that you carry out your role effectively. In a country where English is not widely spoken, your communication skills will be further tested on an everyday basis as you get to grips with the local lingo. My favourite example of successful communication from my volunteering experience abroad was negotiating in Spanish with an airline a new free flight after we arrived 7 minutes late for check-in. Not only did we get another flight, they gave us €250 in compensation!

5. Working as part of a team

It seems so simple, but working as part of a team can bring its own unique challenges. Throw in some cultural differences and such challenges can be heightened, to say the least. So volunteering abroad is a great opportunity to show that – not only can you adapt to living in a new place, thousands of miles from home – but you can also successfully work with people whose backgrounds could not be more dissimilar from your own.

So there you have it – proof that volunteering abroad is not only a life-enhancing experience in itself, but also a stepping stone to securing yourself a career when you get home!

Travelling: take the plunge now or regret it later?

Anna Sainsbury

It’s a well-known fact: students love to travel. And arguably, there’s no better time in your life to do it! Not only have student travel agencies popped up all over the country, air fares have come plummeting down and some universities now even actively encourage their students to go abroad, whether it’s to study, work or to simply broaden their minds.

An obvious reason for this is that the vast majority of students don’t have any concrete commitments or responsibilities, so travelling at a moment’s notice is always a possibility. As one blogger writes, “As you grow, you start to settle your life with physical attachments like a mortgage, a car, and kids. Travelling before this stage of your life will be much easier and the freedom will be priceless.” To back this claim, a staggering 33% of Brits said that they regret not travelling more abroad when they had the opportunity.

Another great reason to travel whilst you’re young is to learn life lessons. Handling money, accommodation and general day-to-day life abroad is a far cry from what you’re used to back home, and there’s no better way to develop invaluable life skills than when you’re thrown in at the deep end.

Studying abroad can give you a temporary taste of life abroad for anything between three months and a year. A huge 4.1 million students studied abroad last year as part of a university exchange program, so there’s a massive community of Erasmus and foreign students out there who would no doubt recommend the program – over 4 million people can’t be wrong!

There are obvious academic benefits, but it can’t be emphasised enough how important travel can be to your personal development too. Yes, you may well learn a new language, try new things and unintentionally boost your CV when you’re abroad. But getting out of your comfort zone can also help you to rediscover where your real priorities lie. For many recent graduates, this can be extremely useful, especially if they don’t know what to do next. Travel can be fun, but it can be eye-opening and life-changing too.

The travel industry has successfully tapped into this, and it’s unsurprising that student travel generates a huge business. Travel agents and companies are constantly competing against each other to offer you the best deals, so there are plenty of opportunities out there for you to grab, whether they’re working holidays, volunteering placements or just a gap year around the world.

For more information on where volunteering with Lattitude could take you, check out our website.

Travelling with a disability: how to prepare

If you’ve got a disability then it might sometimes feel that travelling is more hassle than it’s worth. However, having a disability doesn’t mean that you have to cut back on your enjoyment – far from it. Admittedly, some countries aren’t as well adapted to disabled travel as others so it’s important to do as much research as possible before you go, but sensible planning and arrangements will ensure you’ll get the most out of your travels.

When it boils down to it, the best way of getting the most out of your travel experience is to plan well in advance. This way you can really tailor-make every single detail of your trip. Knowing your location, accommodation and the possible attractions you’ll visit will also give your hosts a chance to adapt their location especially for you, if needed. Planning in advance will give you and others time to prepare and make your journey as comfortable and as smooth as possible.

Some specialised travel agents can create tailor-made holidays for those with disabilities that aren’t that much more expensive than standard vacations. However, any high-street travel agent worth their salt will go out of their way to accommodate your needs.

Airlines tend to be well-equipped when it comes to disabled travellers. If you’re visually impaired and require a guide dog, for example, then the EU, North America and Australasia all participate in the pet passport scheme, which means that dogs can board planes with the owner.

What to pack, however, isn’t so easy. “Packing is critical,” writes Tom Nabarro, a wheelchair user. “The number of places you can purchase specialist equipment and supplies is limited. I always have two or more people compile independent lists (or use a previous list) and cross-reference to ensure I don’t forget anything vital.”

But even when you do prepare, very little can be done about differing cultural attitudes in your destination of choice. “I find that in countries where independent living for people with high-level disabilities is an unknown concept, disabled people tend to draw a lot of attention,” says Nabarro. “Occasionally the attention has a negative taint, but usually it’s blatant curiosity, which doesn’t bother me most of the time.”

Admittedly, cultural perceptions are difficult to prepare for, but with some good forward planning you can ensure that your time away is definitely worth the wait!

Did London 2012 really inspire a generation of volunteers?

A recent report by consultancy firm nfpSynergy showed that 44% of 11-16 year olds had been inspired to volunteer through the positive work of the Olympics Games Makers last year. However, there is also evidence to show that this inspiration has not since come to fruition. After the Games, there appears to have been a slight decrease in volunteering across the country, which is perhaps unsurprising after the huge surge of good will over the summer. Once the new academic year started again, it was always going to be difficult to maintain such impressive figures.

Even so, amongst the 2031 adults surveyed by nfpSynergy, a meagre 17% had expressed an interest in volunteering thanks to the Olympics, and only 1 in 50 people were inspired to get out there and volunteer in their community because of it. A disappointing 70% of people had gone so far as to say that the Games had not sparked any interest in volunteering at all. Joe Saxton, who ran the survey, was similarly disillusioned by the underwhelming consequences of the Olympics: “The time to act was right away to build on the momentum of the games and it looks like the government and the Olympic legacy organisations have either tried and failed, or missed the opportunity completely.”

The Government begs to differ, and claims that the results of the nfpSynergy report conflict with those of its own Community Life Survey. The government also plans to contribute £36m to the Centre for Social Action and the National Citizen Service program, which they hope will inspire those who watched the Games and admired the work of its volunteers. The NCS is a new scheme for 16-17 year olds which is officially recognised by the Government. But with nfpSynergy’s survey revealing that volunteering has remained at a steady 22% since 2003 despite the Games, does this mean that they’re doing enough to promote volunteering?

A sizeable 44% of those surveyed said that they would like to find out more about volunteering, which suggests that there is a lack of information on the subject. Public ignorance is once again at the same level as it was before the Olympics – so really, was the impact of the Games Makers as successful as we hoped and expected it to be? Unfortunately, it seems that the answer is no.

The overall message of the Olympics was to ‘inspire a generation’, but these newly released statistics would suggest otherwise. Of course, many charities and organisations took full advantage of the situation, and the figures are not universally bad news. But it is clear that some feel that the Government’s efforts to promote volunteering have left a lot to be desired.

If you are interested in volunteering, why not check out your local volunteering centre or see what opportunities Lattitude offers for volunteering abroad?

Child gappers: is 10 too young to take a year out?

A few years ago, actress Emma Thompson announced that her 10 year old daughter Gaia would be taking a gap year before she started secondary school. Somewhat inevitably, this provoked a lot of criticism from education authorities. The National Association of Headteachers claimed that “it [was] difficult to see how the situation can be anything but detrimental to [her] education”, but Emma stood firm despite the frosty reception of her decision.

As education campaigner Margaret Morrissey said at the time, “She might see the world and have a fantastic experience, but she’ll miss an awful lot in a year and will be way behind her peers. A child might not ever properly catch up after a break that long.” Comments about Emma’s wealth also assured the public that this sort of gap year might only be feasible through financial advantage, whereas a typical household would probably be unable to afford such an option.

Gaia eventually completed her gap year but “scaled back” on her original plans of travelling the world for an entire year, instead deciding to spend some quality time with her family and only visiting a few countries.

So, is 10 years old really too early? Ultimately, a gap year serves the same purpose regardless of age. Research has proven that gap years really are hugely beneficial to personal development, and seeing the world at such an early age can indeed shape you more than it will at 18, as your mind is likely to be more impressionable. Also, gap years are not just for 18 year olds anymore, as the increasing popularity of the post-uni and post-career gap year has demonstrated.

But at 10 years old it’s highly unlikely that you know what you want to do with your life, and after all, you are still a child. Emma Thompson described her daughter’s gap year as “a break from education and show[ing] her the world a bit and take a break myself”, so it wasn’t so much a life-changing adventure as a small pause in between a significant life transition. Furthermore, in order to have official permission to leave school, local councils must be reassured that a child will have sufficient education during their absence, so Thompson’s daughter was not missing out on an education whilst on her gap year.

Which, in a way, contradicts the idea that a gap year is an opportunity to take a break from traditional education and to experience life outside of a classroom. Also you cannot ignore the fact that education is compulsory up until 16 so unless there are exceptional circumstances, it would be very difficult for a child of 10 to embark on a gap year. Fundamentally you have to question what a 10 year old would gain from a year out, and whether the same could be achieved from a traditional summer holidays.

So, perhaps, all things considered, 10 years old is too early for a gap year. But when it comes to planning your year out, it’s never too early to start!

Money-saving tips: our guide to travelling on the cheap

Okay – you’ve got a great deal with your flights and your various hotels, but when you actually go abroad, it’s easy to fall into every tourist trap going and spend your money left, right and centre. It’s no secret that we’re all still trying to cope with the credit crunch, so here are a few tips to save you some precious cash whilst you’re on your travels.

1) The customer is always right…

…but they don’t always read the small print. If your flight is delayed, your hotel has let you down or even if the airline’s lost your luggage, you’re entitled to transfers, alternative accommodation and sometimes compensation. So instead of forking out your own money for others’ mistakes, make sure that the airline or hotel company goes out of their way to give you the best customer service possible.

2) Book in advance as much as possible

For instance, booking a hostel weeks in advance will not only give you peace of mind and save you a lot of wandering about, but will most likely save you a heap of cash. It’s plain common sense to book your flight as early as possible too, but also check advance bookings for trains. Unfortunately only the UK offers the 16-25 railcard scheme, but most countries will provide discounted tickets for young adults (typically under 26’s) and some even do group discounts, which means you can save even more.

3) Converting money

To get the best deal for your money, shop around. Airport bureau de changes are notorious for bad deals, so do your research and get your money sorted in good time. If you want to be really savvy, then insist on currency in low denominations – as “not only are these less susceptible to forgery (if someone is going to make counterfeit currency, they usually aim high, you also avoid the ‘sorry, no change’ argument beloved of taxi drivers and other traders,” writes The Lonely Planet’s Tom Hall.

Being in a new country with new money can be pretty overwhelming, so get clued up on the value of different banknotes before you go too.

4) Go local

In big cities, it’s pretty well known that the cheapest food is going to be found either in local markets or on the back streets. Restaurants can also be very sneaky when it comes to adding extras to your bill without telling you, so if you’re on a budget, go off the tourist route and live like a local. This way you also have the bonus of experiencing the real culture that your destination has to offer as well as saving a few pennies.

5) Budget!

If you’re really watching the purse strings then keep a record of your expenditure, or set aside a daily budget. Online banking can be particularly useful if you’re keeping close track of your money. (Cheap apps such as MyTravel’s Travel Buddy are designed for tasks like this if using pen and paper isn’t your thing.)

Admittedly, there are some costs that you can’t always save on, such as insurance and healthcare. But using your common sense and following a few useful tips will help. Who knows, with all that money you save, you might be off travelling again in no time…

The American view on gap years: to go or not to go?

As you no doubt know, European students have been taking gap years for around forty years now, but on the other side of the pond it’s quite different. Americans have really only just discovered the gap year phenomenon and it’s still trying to find its feet. Why?

Although college can be relatively cheap for international students in America thanks to generous scholarships, the same can’t be said for home students. We all know there was uproar when the coalition decided to raise tuition fees, but that’s still a bargain in relation to American universities. A year of college costs around $20,000, and for a four year course, you’re looking at a very hefty price tag.

With such huge costs, gap years don’t really appeal to American parents; they’re already forking out a lot of money so letting their child explore the world for a year incurs even more costs. Gap years don’t have to cost a fortune, and the rewards you gain from travelling are invaluable. But understandably, parents don’t want to think about the mounting costs of their child’s lifestyle.

Over here, an average 7% of UCAS applicants choose to defer their enrolment every year, and usually universities don’t have a problem with candidates taking a year out. You can gain valuable experience and widen your perspective which will ultimately benefit your studies and you as a person. However, it’s a different matter in the States – only 5% of universities offer the deferment system. In 2010, of the 300,000 students applying to university in the US, a mere 1.2% opted to wait a year before attending.

It’s interesting to note that the biggest endorsers of gap years tend to be the most popular universities in America, rather than smaller colleges. “Princeton University has just announced a new program called the ‘bridge year’ that will allow newly admitted students to spend a year performing public service abroad before beginning their freshman year,” says Danielle Wood, Editor in Chief of Education.com. Although not strictly a gap year, the function is the same; to enrich your life and garner as much experience as possible before your studies.

Wood makes the following comparison: “Sending a kid who’s not ready to college is like sending a kid who’s not feeling hungry to an all-you-can-eat buffet.” It’s a good way of looking at it. Not everyone will feel ready to go to university, and this is something we seem to have recognised and embraced here in the UK. But why are they so slow on the uptake?

Perhaps it’s because it’s not the normal route to take, and there’s fear attached to going off-course. Parents may think that because college costs so much, it’s not ideal to volunteer abroad, where you’ll be earning little or no money.

But at the end of the day, can you really put a price on self-discovery, experience and memories? Probably not, and only time will tell if the Americans catch on.